Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution to address tissue loss and failure caused by trauma, disease, or degeneration. Success in tissue engineering relies on three key components: cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix play a critical role in supporting cellular attachment, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. To be effective, scaffolds must exhibit biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, interconnected porosity for nutrient release, and sufficient mechanical strength to support tissue function. Conventional scaffold fabrication methods, such as gas foaming, lack precise control over pore structure and cross-connections, limiting their utility in tissue engineering applications. Additive manufacturing, particularly fused filament fabrication (FFF), offers a viable alternative by enabling the production of highly customizable, patient-specific scaffolds with appropriate morphological and mechanical properties. This chapter explores the fabrication of tissue-engineering scaffolds using FFF and highlights its advantages, including cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and scalability. It also offers valuable insights into commercially pure biopolymers used for tissue- engineering scaffolds. Additionally, due to the significant influence of FFF process parameters on scaffold properties, this aspect has been thoroughly examined. The ability to precisely control scaffold architecture through this technique enhances cell attachment and proliferation, making it a promising approach for functional tissue substitutes.
