"Alumina nanoparticles were decorated with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a hydrophilic
polymer by thermal polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of alumina
nanoparticles. The obtained PAA-decorated alumina (PAA-d-Al) nanoparticles
were embedded in the polysulfone membrane matrix via nanofiller dispersion in
the casting solution. The prepared membranes were characterized by porosity and
water contact angle measurements, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy,
and fouling tests using whey proteins. The presence of nanoparticles had
significant effects on the membrane hydrophilicity and surface softness, resulting
in fouling mitigation and flux recovery enhancement compared with the virgin
polysulfone membrane. Moreover, the prepared membrane embedded with
0.25 wt% of PAA-d-Al nanofillers showed a remarkable durability and reusability
during the filtration tests."