Mehdi Ahmadi Jirdehi

The primary culprit behind climate change and global warming is widely believed to be greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. This action can be attributed to the world’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels for over 80% of its energy needs, resulting in a significant increase in GHG emissions released into the atmosphere over the last few decades [2]. One of the most significant obstacles in achieving a harmonious balance between environmental considerations and economic and technological requirements is the finite and nonrenewable aspect of fossil fuels, compounded by the rapidly increasing demand for energy in today’s society [3]. The Paris Agreement has established a crucial objective of limiting the increase in average global temperature to below 2 degrees Celsius (°C), with an ideal target of 1.5 °C. This goal is vital in mitigating and reducing the harmful effects of global warming. Therefore, achieving a climate-neutral world by the mid-century and a zero net carbon economy by 2050 can become more feasible if the aforementioned target is met [4]. A host of complex challenges has long impeded the attainment of a net carbon society. In order to advance toward this goal, research and analysis are being conducted to identify and overcome these obstacles [5]. The shift toward sustainable and renewable energy sources is critical in establishing a viable and livable environment for future generations [6]