This study presents a novel framework for carbon-aware dispatch and spatiotemporal load shifting in data centers, powered by renewable energy, using illustrative microgrids with temporal offset. Each microgrid relies solely on solar and wind generation and incorporates large-scale battery storage systems to balance supply and demand. Data center workloads are divided into fixed (i.e., latency-sensitive) and flexible (i.e., delay-tolerant) portions, with flexible loads capable of being temporally shifted within the same data center or spatially shifted to another microgrid. This approach enables the optimal utilization of renewable energy in a manner that is both carbon-reduction and energy-positive, meaning that total carbon reductions exceed emissions and the net energy exported to the grid exceeds the energy drawn. Operational scheduling considers regional carbon intensity and electricity prices, allowing energy injection into the upstream grid during high-carbon, high-price periods. The objective function accounts for electricity costs, battery degradation, a carbon-aware electricity-pricing signal, and data-transfer costs between data centers. A resilient scheduling framework for data center continuity is proposed, in which the data center load and battery are jointly coordinated so that, even under extreme outages of all resources, the battery can temporarily supply the data center demand. Simulation results reveal that the data centers efficiently exploit spatiotemporal load shifting to transfer processing loads from periods of high-carbon intensity, high electricity prices, or low-renewable availability to other intervals or to the other data center. The profits are highly sensitive to technical and economic parameters: increasing carbon-intensity-dependent electricity prices boost profit, whereas reductions in data center capacity, increased data-transfer costs, or decreased renewable generation reduce profits. It is demonstrated that the undersized or oversized batteries can lead to suboptimal economic performance; properly sized batteries ensure cost-effective operation while maintaining flexibility for carbon-aware dispatch and load shifting. Finally, the framework ensures service continuity during extreme outages by employing deep battery discharge and redirecting loads to the other data center.
