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چکیده
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This study proposed an original power-to-ice (P2I) system for remote offshore renewable energy penetration, which can directly convert green electricity into storable cold energy using ice slurry for the fisheries cold chain. A novel empirical mode decomposition (EMD) - fuzzy dispatching method (EFDM) was developed to dispatch the power between the ice slurry systems (ISSs) and battery energy storage system (BESS) for enhancing battery utilization and reducing curtailment, while maintaining the operating stability of ISSs and preserving battery lifespan. A multi-objective optimization using NSGA-II was then formulated and implemented for the optimal design of the P2I system, followed by a comprehensive economic and environmental evaluation compared with power-to-grid (P2G) and power-to‑hydrogen (P2H) systems. It was found that the P2I system, dispatched by the EFDM, reduced curtailment by 70% compared to the traditional EMD method in a 24-h operating case, when the SOC high threshold was set as 0.8. The Pareto optimization identifies the optimal system design with ISSs capacity of 98 MW and BESS capacity of 42 MW/163.8 MWh with power-dispatching using EFDM. By adopting the optimal design, a maximum energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 5.74 and a minimal levelized annual cost of $104.40 million can be achieved, outperforming the traditional EMD and baseline. Comparative analysis demonstrated the P2I system was superior to P2H and P2G systems, which featured a levelized cost of ice of $7.04/t with a 4.65-year payback. Compared to conventional benchmarks, the P2I system can reach a carbon reduction of 1.32 kg CO2/kWh, which was 37.9 times that of the P2H system and 2.9 times that of the P2G system, respectively. The significant energetic, economic, and environmental benefits enabled the P2I system to be a promising solution for offshore green power utilization and decarbonization.
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