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چکیده
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Seasonal storage of green hydrogen presents a robust solution to the variability inherent in renewable energy sources. It enables a steady, low-carbon energy supply that is particularly valuable for high-demand applications such as water desalination. This paper introduces an innovative mixed-integer linear programming framework for the integrated design and optimization of a hybrid green hydrogen storage system. The proposed system couples an above-ground high-pressure stationary Type II tank with a subsurface salt cavern, both seamlessly integrated with a renewable-powered seawater desalination facility. The green hydrogen system serves as both a seasonal energy buffer and a curtailment mitigation strategy. The model incorporates a detailed cost structure and operational constraints associated with the salt cavern, fully embedded within a comprehensive system sizing framework. Furthermore, the model represents the multi-stage water treatment process, including pre-treatment, main treatment, and post-treatment with appropriate granularity. The water-energy nexus is also explicitly captured by modeling the quantity and quality of water required for the electrolysis and cooling processes. The developed optimization framework is applied to a real-world case study in Kuwait, utilizing field-measured data to determine the optimal sizing of electrical, hydrogen, and water treatment subsystems. Simulations show that integrating above‑ground Type II tanks with a subsurface salt cavern markedly improves green hydrogen economics and increases renewable energy utilization. In the baseline case, the hybrid configuration reduces the levelized cost of green hydrogen by 17.5%, lowers wind curtailment by 26.1%, and reduces PV curtailment by 17.7%. Although the effect on total system cost is modest, the principal benefit is to make green hydrogen production/storage and renewable integration materially more attractive. The overall system impact depends on the relative share of the hydrogen subsystem within total system costs and on the intended application. Sensitivity analyses highlight the economic viability and robustness of the proposed hybrid configuration, particularly in locations with suitable geographical conditions for underground storage.
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