Reza Hemmati

This paper designs a unified management framework in zero-energy building (ZEB) integrated with renewable resources, energy storage, AC/DC loads, and critical/non-critical loads. The developed model controls solar-cell and fuel-cell operation, battery charging-discharging, load energy, and voltage of buses. The faults, outages and cyber-attacks are detected, separated and dealt with. The AC loads with different voltage levels and frequencies are integrated and successfully supplied. The loads are considered as critical and non-critical and the system is forced to supply the critical loads under any circumstances. The fault detection units on both AC and DC buses are designed to control the AC and DC voltages under steady-state and fault conditions. The outage detection unit is also designed to compensate lack of disconnected resources. The cyber-attack detection unit is implemented to detect the attacks on solar-cell power, fuel-cell power, AC voltage and DC voltage. With the operation of control system, the DC bus voltage is stabilized on 100 V and under outage conditions, the solar-cell is supported by fuel-cell and the battery is operated as backup for fuel-cell. The fault conditions in AC and DC buses are improved by battery performance. Furthermore, a variety of individual and concurrent cyber-attacks are detected. The simulations validate that the proposed method conveniently realizes all the objectives, including feeding DC/AC loads, managing battery/ resources and identifying/dealing with outages/faults/attacks.